![]() ![]() Six planets, the six largest possible dwarf planets and many other bodies have natural satellites or moons orbiting around them. In the present day, 99.86% of the Solar System's mass is in the Sun and most of the remaining mass is contained in the planet Jupiter. That is the reason why all eight planets have an orbit that lies near the same plane. Over time, the cloud formed the Sun and a protoplanetary disk that gradually coalesced to form planets and other objects. The Solar System was formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud. In some texts, these terrestrial and giant planets are called the inner Solar System and outer Solar System planets respectively. The gas giants are mostly made of hydrogen and helium, while the ice giants are mostly made of volatile substances such as water, ammonia, and methane. The terrestrial planets have a definite surface and are mostly made of rock and metal. The largest of such objects are the eight planets, in order from the Sun: four terrestrial planets, named Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars and four giant planets, including two gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, and two ice giants, named Uranus and Neptune. ![]() The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it. Data was received until late 1982.Invariable-to- galactic plane inclination Control was maintained from a German center outside of Munich. ![]() Helios 1's data was correlated with the Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) Explorers 47 and 50 in Earth orbit, the Pioneer solar orbiters, and Pioneers 10 and 11 en route to leaving the solar system. Its data indicated the presence of 15 times more micrometeorites close to the Sun than there are near Earth. During its mission, the spacecraft spun once every second to evenly distribute the heat coming from the Sun, 90 percent of which was reflected by optical surface mirrors. Experiments were provided by scientists from both FRG and the U.S.Īfter a successful launch, Helios 1 passed within 47 million kilometers of the Sun at a speed of 238,000 km per hour on 15 March 1975, the closest any human-made object had been to our nearest star. The FRG provided the spacecraft and NASA the launch vehicles. It was the largest bilateral project to date for NASA, with the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, aka West Germany) paying about $180 million of the total $260 million cost. Specifically, the spacecraft's instruments were designed to investigate phenomena such as solar wind, magnetic and electric fields, cosmic rays, and cosmic dust in regions between Earth's orbit and approximately 0.3 AU from the Sun. Helios 1 was a joint German-American deep-space mission to study the main solar processes and solar-terrestrial relationships. Solar System Log by Andrew Wilson, published 1987 by Jane's Publishing Co. Total Cost: $260 million (of which Germany paid $180 million)ĭeep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000, Monographs in Aerospace History No. Spacecraft Instruments: 1) plasma detector 2) two fluxgate magnetometers 3) plasma and radio wave experiment 4) cosmic-ray detectors 5) electron detector 6) zodiacal light photometer 7) micrometeoroid analyzer 8) celestial mechanics experiment Launch Site: Cape Canaveral, USA, launch complex 41 Launch Vehicle: Titan IIIE-Centaur (TC-5 / Titan no. ![]()
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